Counterexample examples

The demos/businesswrong.ch example pairs selected false claims with controls that restore the needed condition or model. A counterexample shows that a claim needs its stated assumptions; it is not a defect in the model under those assumptions.

• Markov mass: Omitting a transition row's mass condition can break preservation of total mass. This example makes no claim about negative probabilities or values above one.
• Bellman discount: A discount above or equal to one refutes the claim that the contraction modulus is below one. The example does not assert that the one-step bound fails.
• Gordon domain: With g > r, the positive-value claim for d / (r - g) fails. A separate example negates the computed value inside the r > g domain.

See the model guide for the assumptions behind these examples and their limits.